Name ONE type of cell, other than the dry cell or lead–acid cell, you have studied - HSC - SSCE Chemistry - Question 19 - 2001 - Paper 1

Lithium-ion cells are widely used in portable electronics and electric vehicles. They offer a higher energy density compared to dry cells and lead-acid cells, allowing for longer usage times between charges.

Chemical Reaction: A typical lithium-ion cell operates through the following electrochemical reaction:

$\text{LiCoO}_2 + \text{C} \rightleftharpoons \text{LiC} + \text{CoO}_2$

In this reaction, lithium ions move from the anode to the cathode during discharge, and back during charging. This reversibility contributes to the long cycle life of lithium-ion batteries.

Comparison to Dry Cells:

• Chemical Composition: While dry cells typically utilize zinc and carbon as their primary materials, lithium-ion cells use lithium salts and metal oxides, leading to a more efficient energy conversion.
• Efficiency: Lithium-ion batteries can achieve about 90% efficiency in energy conversion, whereas dry cells can be much lower due to resistive losses.

Impact on Society: The adoption of lithium-ion cells has revolutionized technology. They power smartphones, laptops, and electric vehicles, reducing reliance on fossil fuels. Furthermore, the transition to electric vehicles is pivotal in addressing climate change and improving air quality. However, challenges regarding the sustainable sourcing of lithium and its recycling remain.