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What is the significance of the letter 'C' in biological systems? Discuss its various roles and how it contributes to cellular functions. - HSC - SSCE Mathematics Extension 1 - Question 10 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 10
What is the significance of the letter 'C' in biological systems? Discuss its various roles and how it contributes to cellular functions.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:What is the significance of the letter 'C' in biological systems? Discuss its various roles and how it contributes to cellular functions. - HSC - SSCE Mathematics Extension 1 - Question 10 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
What is the significance of the letter 'C' in biological systems?
Answer
The letter 'C' commonly represents carbon, which is a fundamental element in biological systems. Carbon is known for its ability to form stable bonds with a variety of elements, including itself. This unique property allows carbon to serve as the backbone for a multitude of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
Carbon-based compounds are essential for life. For instance, carbohydrates provide energy to cells, while proteins are crucial for structural support and catalyzing biochemical reactions as enzymes. Nucleic acids, which include DNA and RNA, are vital for storing and transmitting genetic information.
In addition to forming a wide range of organic molecules, carbon also plays a role in cellular respiration and photosynthesis. During cellular respiration, carbon compounds are broken down to release energy. In contrast, during photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into glucose, using sunlight as energy.
In summary, carbon ('C') is indispensable in biological systems due to its versatility and ability to form complex molecules that sustain life.
Step 2
Discuss its various roles and how it contributes to cellular functions.
Answer
Carbon's roles in cellular functions can be summarized in several key areas:
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Structural Components: Carbon is a key element of macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids which make up cellular structures and machinery. The arrangement of carbon atoms allows for the formation of diverse three-dimensional shapes essential for function.
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Energy Storage and Release: In cellular respiration, carbon-containing molecules like glucose lead to the production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency of the cell. The breakdown of these compounds releases energy necessary for various cellular activities.
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Metabolic Reactions: Carbon compounds serve as substrates in metabolic pathways. These include anabolic processes, which build larger molecules, and catabolic processes, which break down molecules for energy.
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Genetic Material: Carbon is integral to the structure of nucleic acids. The phosphodiester bonds in DNA and RNA, which include carbon, enable the preservation and expression of genetic information vital for cellular reproduction and function.
By participating in these roles, carbon is crucial for maintaining the integrity and functionality of cells.