Demonstrate the importance of ONE pivotal individual or school of thought in ONE religious tradition in ONE of the following periods: • early foundation • growth, division or crisis For TWO religious traditions, compare the effect of ONE pivotal individual OR school of thought from the same period with reference to ONE of the following: • challenge to the tradition • extent and significance of the change • reaction and response by the religious tradition • changes in society requiring adaptation of teachings • continuing impact today In TWO religious traditions, evaluate the effect of a contemporary pivotal individual or school of thought on the everyday lives of believers. - HSC - SSCE Studies of Religion - Question 17 - 2002 - Paper 1

In Christianity, Martin Luther’s challenge to the tradition forced the Catholic Church to reconsider its practices and doctrines, leading to significant changes, such as the Counter-Reformation. In Islam, the impact of figures such as Al-Ghazali in the medieval period provided a bridge between rational thought and faith, addressing challenges posed by philosophical traditions. Both individuals reshaped their traditions, responding to internal and external pressures that led to profound changes within their respective faiths.

In contemporary Christianity, the influence of figures like Pope Francis has had a notable effect on believers' lives. His emphasis on social justice, environmental issues, and interfaith dialogue addresses the pressing concerns of modern society, reflecting a shift in how traditional teachings are applied. Similarly, in Buddhism, figures such as the Dalai Lama promote mindfulness and compassion in a secular world, inspiring millions to integrate these principles into their daily lives, thus bridging ancient teachings with contemporary issues.