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A patient has calcium kidney stones - AQA - A-Level Physics - Question 4 - 2022 - Paper 5
Question 4
A patient has calcium kidney stones. Three types of scan are available to investigate the condition: • a magnetic resonance (MR) scan • a CT scan • an ultrasound sc... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:A patient has calcium kidney stones - AQA - A-Level Physics - Question 4 - 2022 - Paper 5
Step 1
Refer to the relevant quality of the image obtained from each scan
Answer
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Magnetic Resonance (MR) Scan:
- Advantage: Provides high-resolution images that can distinguish soft tissue, which may help identify kidney stones reliably, despite them being similar to bony structures.
- Disadvantage: Can be more expensive and time-consuming compared to other scans.
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CT Scan:
- Advantage: Highly detailed images, considered the gold standard for detecting kidney stones due to its ability to visualize stones clearly.
- Disadvantage: Involves exposure to ionizing radiation, which can be a concern, particularly in patients requiring multiple scans.
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Ultrasound Scan:
- Advantage: Safe and avoids radiation exposure, making it ideal for certain populations like children and pregnant women. It can also detect associated issues like hydronephrosis.
- Disadvantage: Lower resolution may lead to difficulties in distinguishing between kidney stones and bony structures.
Step 2
Identify other factors that should be considered
Answer
- Patient's Age and Gender: Some scans may be more suitable based on patient demographics (e.g., children should avoid radiation).
- Diagnosis Urgency: If a rapid diagnosis is necessary, CT scans might be prioritized.
- Patient's Medical History: Conditions such as claustrophobia can affect MR scan suitability.
- Cost and Availability: The accessibility and costs of imaging facilities may influence the choice.
Step 3
Justify the type of scan you would recommend
Answer
Considering the advantages and disadvantages mentioned, I would recommend a CT scan as the first-line investigation for calcium kidney stones. It provides the best combination of speed, accuracy, and detail, which is essential in urgent cases. Although it has radiation risks, the benefits in terms of diagnostic accuracy, especially where kidney stones are involved, outweigh this for most patients. In cases where the patient's demographics or medical history necessitate alternatives, an ultrasound scan could be chosen due to its safety profile.