Photo AI
Assess how far learning theories can be considered reductionist. - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 12 - 2022 - Paper 1
Question 12
Assess how far learning theories can be considered reductionist.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Assess how far learning theories can be considered reductionist. - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 12 - 2022 - Paper 1
Step 1
Reductionism in Learning Theories
Answer
Reductionism refers to the approach of understanding complex behaviors by breaking them down into simpler components. In the context of learning theories, this means looking at isolated parts of human behavior.
-
Watson and Rayner (1920) exemplified reductionist approaches through their study of Little Albert, where they focused solely on stimulus-response actions to demonstrate learned fear, ignoring broader influences like social context and individual differences.
-
Additionally, scientists often utilize empirical methods to narrow down specific variables in behavior studies, which can limit the understanding of overall human learning processes.
Step 2
Holism Versus Reductionism
Answer
While reductionism simplifies the analysis of learning behavior, holistic approaches consider the entirety of the individual, including cultural and social influences. This gives a more comprehensive understanding of how learning occurs. Holistic theories argue that learning cannot be fully understood by examining isolated factors alone.
Step 3
Critique of Operant Conditioning
Answer
Operant conditioning, as proposed by Skinner, limits the understanding of learning by focusing mainly on rewards and punishments. This simplification can overlook intrinsic motivations and the cognitive processes at play in learning. Such an approach can be deemed reductionist as it fails to consider the complexity of human behavior and the interplay of various external and internal factors.
Step 4
Social Learning Theory
Answer
In contrast, social learning theory advocates for a view that incorporates cognitive elements, suggesting that learning occurs as individuals observe and interact with others. This theory posits that behavior is not solely shaped by reinforcement, thus challenging the confines of reductionism and broadening the understanding of learning.