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Evaluate the classic studies by Watson and Rayner (1920) and Raine et al - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 3
Question 4
Evaluate the classic studies by Watson and Rayner (1920) and Raine et al. (1997) in how they could be used as a means of social control.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Evaluate the classic studies by Watson and Rayner (1920) and Raine et al - AQA - A-Level Psychology - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 3
Step 1
Evaluate the study by Raine et al. (1997)
Answer
Raine et al. (1997) utilized PET scans to examine the brain activities of 41 individuals who had committed murder but pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI). This study indicates that psychological evaluations may serve as a form of social control by identifying patterns of brain activity associated with violent behavior. The study concluded that violent behavior could not solely be attributed to a single brain region but involved multiple regions and environmental factors. This insight could help inform interventions aimed at reducing violent crimes, as understanding the biological aspects of criminal behavior allows for targeted approaches in psychological and medical settings.
Step 2
Evaluate the study by Watson and Rayner (1920)
Answer
Watson and Rayner (1920) conducted an experiment on Little Albert, a child who was conditioned to fear a white rat through classical conditioning. This study demonstrates a method of social control through aversive conditioning, suggesting that behaviors can be systematically modified. Little Albert was exposed to the rat along with a loud noise, which created a fear response. This established that fears could be conditioned and maintained, thus providing a mechanism for society to discourage or prevent certain behaviors through similar conditioning techniques. However, ethical considerations arise in real-world applications of such methods.
Step 3
Compare the effectiveness of both studies as means of social control
Answer
Both studies serve to exemplify different aspects of using psychological research as a means of social control. Raine et al. (1997) provides a biological perspective that could influence interventions for violent behavior, yet its generalizability is limited due to the specificity of the study population. In contrast, Watson and Rayner's (1920) approach relies on behavioral conditioning, which, while effective, raises ethical issues about manipulation and long-term consequences. Together, these studies illustrate the complexity of applying psychological findings to social control and the need for ethical frameworks in their implementation.