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Outline three criticisms of the labelling theory of crime and deviance. - AQA - A-Level Sociology - Question 2 - 2018 - Paper 3
Question 2
Outline three criticisms of the labelling theory of crime and deviance.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Outline three criticisms of the labelling theory of crime and deviance. - AQA - A-Level Sociology - Question 2 - 2018 - Paper 3
Step 1
It fails to explain primary deviance
Answer
One criticism is that the labelling theory does not adequately explain primary deviance — the behaviors that occur before a person is labeled as deviant. This suggests that not all individuals engage in deviant behavior as a result of societal labels, highlighting the importance of understanding why certain behaviors arise in the first place.
Step 2
Determinism
Answer
Another criticism involves the deterministic aspect of the labelling theory. It wrongly assumes that once individuals are labeled, they will inevitably become deviant. This overlooks the capacity for individuals to resist societal labels and choose their own paths, thereby asserting agency over their actions.
Step 3
It ignores the role of societal norms
Answer
A further criticism is that the theory assumes deviants are unaware of their deviance until labeled. Contrary to this view, many individuals are aware they violate societal norms before being labeled as deviant, which indicates that labeling is only one aspect of a more complex understanding of deviant behavior.