Read Item P below and answer the question that follows - AQA - A-Level Sociology - Question 24 - 2022 - Paper 2

Functionalist perspectives on stratification, notably articulated by theorists such as Davis and Moore, emphasize its necessity for social order and stability. According to this view, stratification serves essential functions; it ensures that the most competent individuals occupy the most important roles in society. This is based on the belief in a meritocratic society where success and status are earned through talent and effort.

Functionalists argue that stratification promotes social cohesion by creating a value consensus among members of society. This implies that by accepting their positions, individuals contribute to the overall functionality of the social system. For example, when people understand their roles—whether as leaders or followers—they maintain social order and prevent chaos.

However, as Item P highlights, this perspective is contested. Critics argue that functionalism overly romanticizes social order by neglecting the role of power and inequality. Other sociologists, such as Marxists, contend that stratification is not beneficial as it perpetuates inequality and conflict. They argue that the functionalist view ignores how stratification can lead to the marginalization of certain groups, fostering feelings of injustice and resentment within society.

While functionalists maintain that all societal roles are necessary, they often overlook the disparities in access to resources and opportunities, which can create systemic inequalities. This critique aligns with contemporary perspectives that highlight issues regarding race, gender, and class, where stratification can lead to significant social tensions and conflict.

Thus, evaluating functionalist explanations reveals a tension between their principles of social order and the criticisms regarding inequality and social justice. A comprehensive analysis of stratification must consider both the functionalist emphasis on order and the sociologists who challenge its moral foundation.