Read Item H below and answer the question that follows - AQA - A-Level Sociology - Question 12 - 2022 - Paper 2

To evaluate the view that poverty is caused by structural factors, it is essential to analyze arguments from both sociological perspectives presented in Item H and additional sociological theories.

1. Analyze Structural Factors
Structural factors are integral to understanding poverty. Marxist sociologists point out that the structures of capitalism inherently create inequalities, which can lead to poverty. Systems that prioritize the wealthiest do so by protecting private property and ensuring that government policies favor their interests, often at the expense of the impoverished. For instance, welfare policies may be limited, which exacerbates poverty levels among vulnerable populations.

2. Explore Socioeconomic Disparities
Sociological theories further argue that socioeconomic status is maintained through various forms of discrimination, such as through education and labor markets. Bourdieu's concept of 'cultural capital' also suggests that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face systemic barriers that hinder their upward mobility, thus perpetuating cycles of poverty.

3. Counterarguments
In contrast to structural explanations, it is important to address individual and behavioral factors highlighted by other sociologists. These perspectives propose that personal attitudes and behaviors, such as work ethic or education level, also contribute significantly to poverty. For instance, if individuals do not have access to education or choose not to pursue available opportunities, they may find themselves trapped in poverty regardless of external structural factors.

4. Integrate Perspectives
While evaluating both sides, it becomes evident that poverty is a complex issue that cannot be attributed solely to either structural factors or individual behaviors. Structural issues such as economic policies and social inequalities create environments that can limit personal choices and behavior.

5. Conclusion
In conclusion, while it is accurate to assert that structural factors play a significant role in perpetuating poverty, it is equally crucial to consider individual behaviors and societal norms. A holistic approach that integrates both perspectives provides a more comprehensive understanding of poverty as a multifaceted issue.