The circuit shows a 1 mF capacitor connected to an a.c - Edexcel - A-Level Physics - Question 18 - 2023 - Paper 1

The formula $V = 5\sin(100\pi t)$ describes a sinusoidal wave with a maximum amplitude of 5 V. The term $100\pi$ indicates the angular frequency of the waveform, which determines how fast the wave oscillates. This results in a periodic graph, depicting the voltage as it varies over time.

1. Amplitude and Periodicity: The graph shows that the voltage oscillates between +5 V and -5 V, reflecting the maximum amplitude given by the formula.
2. Frequency: The frequency of the graph can be found from the coefficient of $t$ in the sine function. In this case, the angular frequency $\omega = 100\pi$ leads to a frequency of $f = \frac{\omega}{2\pi} = 50$ Hz, indicating the rapid oscillation.
3. Negative Values: The sine function's nature allows for both positive and negative values, which is clearly illustrated in the graph as the voltage dips below 0 V, demonstrating the alternating nature of the current.