Using examples, explain the difference between consensus and adversary politics. - Edexcel - A-Level Politics - Question 2 - 2018 - Paper 1

Understanding Consensus Politics

Consensus politics refers to a political system where major political parties agree on key policies and principles. This often leads to stability and continuity in governance. A classic example of consensus politics can be found in the period from 1945 to the late 1970s in the UK, where there was strong agreement on welfare state principles and a mixed economy. The post-war consensus allowed for collaboration between the major parties, particularly in economic management and social welfare.

Examples of Consensus Politics

1. Post-War Consensus (1945-1970s): Major political parties, including the Labour Party and the Conservative Party, shared a commitment to the welfare state and mixed economy approach proposed by figures like Beveridge.
2. Cooperation on Key Issues: Both major parties worked together on significant social reforms, such as the establishment of the National Health Service (NHS).

Understanding Adversary Politics

In contrast, adversary politics is characterized by strong ideological opposition between political parties, often leading to conflict and varied policy implementations. This model reflects significant disagreements on principles and goals, leading to a more fractious political environment.

Examples of Adversary Politics

1. 1983 General Election: The election highlighted stark ideological divides. The Labour Party, led by Michael Foot, advocated for extensive state intervention, whereas the Conservative Party under Margaret Thatcher championed free-market policies. This major shift represents adversary politics, where fundamental disagreements define the political landscape.
2. Ideological Conflicts: Adversary politics results in significant clashes over key issues, leading to the promotion of contrasting policies. For example, the Labour leadership under Jeremy Corbyn presented a marked departure from the existing Conservative government’s policies.

Key Differences

In summary, while consensus politics fosters cooperation and shared goals, adversary politics emphasizes ideological divides and conflict. The examples provided illustrate how these two political strategies shape the governance landscape differently, impacting decision-making and policy development.