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To what extent have devolution and membership of the EU affected representative democracy in the UK? - Edexcel - A-Level Politics - Question 2 - 2016 - Paper 1
Question 2
To what extent have devolution and membership of the EU affected representative democracy in the UK?
Worked Solution & Example Answer:To what extent have devolution and membership of the EU affected representative democracy in the UK? - Edexcel - A-Level Politics - Question 2 - 2016 - Paper 1
Step 1
Devolution and Local Democracy
Answer
Devolution became prominent in the UK after it was introduced by the Labour Government in 1997. It allowed for greater local democracy, meaning that decisions are made closer to those who are affected by them. For instance, this has led to different educational choices being available as empowered local governments can present a range of policy alternatives. However, one could argue that the existence of such choices does not necessarily empower everyone equally, as it may still depend on regional mayors and the specific decisions made at local levels.
Step 2
Asymmetric Devolution and Representation
Answer
Asymmetric devolution has resulted in differing powers across regions, which has increased tensions and disparities in representative democracy. A significant aspect of this is the 'West Lothian Question', where Scottish MPs can vote on issues affecting England, while English MPs have no say in Scottish matters. This highlights the complexities and inequalities in representation that devolution has introduced.
Step 3
EU Membership and Legislative Impact
Answer
The UK's membership in the EU, which began with the EEC in January 1973, has also significantly influenced representative democracy. A substantial number of laws now originate from the EU rather than the UK Parliament, leading to debates about national sovereignty. Critics argue that this undermines the operation of representative democracy in the UK by shifting decision-making power away from national to EU institutions.
Step 4
Principle of Subsidiarity
Answer
The principle of subsidiarity, which was designed to ensure that decisions are made as closely to the citizens as possible, has further complicated matters. While it can enhance local decision-making, its application within the EU context raises questions about the effectiveness of democratic accountability and the relevance of local representation.
Step 5
Concluding Thoughts
Answer
In conclusion, both devolution and EU membership have profoundly affected the representative democracy in the UK. The former has introduced a range of local alternatives but has also created disparities, while the latter has complicated the landscape of legislative authority and accountability, ultimately challenging the principles of representative democracy.