Write an account of how the Geneva Agreement, 1954 led to further conflict in Vietnam. - AQA - GCSE History - Question 3 - 2023 - Paper 1

The Geneva Agreement in 1954 marked a significant turning point in Vietnam's history, establishing a ceasefire and temporarily dividing the country at the 17th parallel into North and South Vietnam. Although intended to be a peaceful solution, it set the stage for further conflict.

Firstly, the division itself created deep political and ideological rifts. North Vietnam, led by Ho Chi Minh and the communist party, aimed to unify the country under a communist government. Conversely, South Vietnam, supported by the United States and led by President Ngo Dinh Diem, was staunchly anti-communist. This fundamental difference fueled tensions, as both leaders sought to expand their influence over the entire nation.

Secondly, the Geneva Agreement stipulated that elections were to be held in 1956 to unify the country, which never occurred. The reluctance of Diem to participate in these elections, fearing a loss to the communists, led to increased dissatisfaction and resistance within South Vietnam. This refusal to comply not only frustrated the North but also provided a breeding ground for the Viet Cong and other insurgent groups.

Moreover, the division and subsequent failure to hold elections contributed to a civil war atmosphere. The U.S. increased its military and financial support for Diem's regime, further escalating the conflict. Various conflicts, such as land reform issues and the suppression of political opponents, intensified discontent in the South, leading to more violent confrontations between the government and those who opposed it.

The limited terms of the Geneva Agreement, combined with geopolitical interests from both the USA and USSR, ultimately deepened the divide. The commitment of both North and South to their respective ideologies was indicative of a larger Cold War context, thus entrenching Vietnam in ongoing conflict. The aftermath of the Geneva Agreement set the stage for the Vietnam War, demonstrating how fragile peace agreements can spiral into prolonged conflict.