A pathogen is an organism that causes disease in another organism. Pathogens can be bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.

Antibiotics work by inhibiting processes within bacterial cells that are essential for their survival and reproduction. They can disrupt cell walls or prevent bacterial growth by targeting specific metabolic pathways, thereby stopping the infection without harming the host's cells.

The magnification can be calculated using the formula:

$\text{Magnification} = \frac{\text{Size in the drawing}}{\text{Actual size}}$

Substituting the values, we have:

$\text{Magnification} = \frac{80 \text{ mm}}{0.005 \text{ mm}} = 16000$

Thus, the magnification of the drawing is 16000.

Similarities

• Both bacterial and plant cells have a cell membrane that controls the movement of substances in and out.
• They both contain cytoplasm, where cellular processes occur.
• Both types of cells have ribosomes for protein synthesis.
• Each cell type possesses DNA, which carries genetic information.

Differences

• Bacterial cells contain chromosomal DNA that is usually circular, while plant cells have linear DNA organized within multiple chromosomes.
• Bacterial cells often have plasmid DNA, which is additional genetic material, whereas plant cells do not.
• Plant cells have flagella for movement, which bacteria may or may not have, but typically possess more complex structures like chloroplasts for photosynthesis, which bacterial cells lack.
• Bacterial cells are prokaryotic, meaning they do not have a nucleus, while plant cells are eukaryotic and contain a well-defined nucleus.