9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller. This painkiller is usually obtained from opium poppies. One method for genetically modifying a yeast cell uses a plasmid containing the desired gene. (i) Explain how a gene can be inserted into a plasmid. (2) (ii) Discuss the possible benefits and risks of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells rather than extracting the painkillers from poppies. (3)

GCSE Edexcel Biology Genetic engineering: 9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetic

9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 9 - 2018 - Paper 1

Question 9

9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller. This painkiller is usually obtained from opium poppies. One method for genetically modifying a... show full transcript

Worked Solution & Example Answer:9 (a) Yeast cells can be genetically modified to produce a painkiller - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 9 - 2018 - Paper 1

Step 1

Explain how a gene can be inserted into a plasmid.

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Answer

To insert a gene into a plasmid, the following steps are taken:

Cutting with a Restriction Enzyme: The plasmid DNA is cut using a restriction enzyme, which creates specific sites that allow the gene of interest to be inserted.
Inserting the Gene: The gene is then inserted into the plasmid at the site created by the restriction enzyme using an enzyme called ligase. Ligase facilitates the bonding of the gene to the plasmid DNA.
Complementary Sticky Ends: It is crucial that both the plasmid and the gene have complementary sticky ends, which allow them to bind together more effectively, ensuring stable insertion.

Step 2

Discuss the possible benefits and risks of producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells rather than extracting the painkillers from poppies.

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Answer

There are several benefits and risks associated with producing painkillers from genetically modified yeast cells:

Benefits:

Rapid Growth: Yeast can grow rapidly, allowing for faster production of painkillers compared to the slower growth cycle of opium poppies.
Higher Yield: Genetically modified yeast can potentially yield a larger quantity of painkillers per unit compared to traditional extraction methods from plants.
Less Space Required: Yeast cultivation takes up less space than growing opium poppies, making it a more efficient option for large-scale production.

Risks:

Health Concerns: There may be concerns related to the safety of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and their unknown long-term effects on health.
Regulatory Issues: The manufacturing of genetically modified yeast for painkillers may face legal and ethical challenges, including potential illegal production or distribution.
Environment: There is a risk that genetically modified yeast could escape into the environment and disrupt local ecosystems.