Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003 - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 5 - 2017 - Paper 1

The increased number of base pairs sequenced each year can be attributed to advancements in sequencing technology and methodologies, which allow for faster and more efficient analysis of DNA.

1. Identifying genetic variations that lead to diseases, allowing for personalized medicine approaches.

2. Facilitating the development of new diagnostic tools and therapies based on genetic information.

The transcription of a gene begins with the unwrapping of the DNA double helix in the nucleus. RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene and synthesizes pre-mRNA by adding ribonucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand. After transcription, the pre-mRNA undergoes splicing to remove introns, forming mature mRNA, which then exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm for translation.

A gene mutation could result in a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme, potentially altering its structure and active site. This modification can affect the enzyme's ability to bind to substrates or catalyze reactions efficiently, thus reducing its overall activity.