Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003 - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 5 - 2017 - Paper 1

The increase in the number of base pairs sequenced each year can be attributed to advancements in sequencing technology, which allowed for quicker and more efficient processing of DNA. Additionally, as the project progressed, researchers likely gained more experience and better techniques, enabling them to sequence more base pairs in less time.

1. The Human Genome Project has enabled the identification of genetic markers for various diseases, allowing for early diagnosis and personalized treatment plans.
2. It has facilitated the understanding of genetic disorders, leading to the development of gene therapies and innovative treatments targeting specific genetic issues.

Transcription begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of a gene. The double-stranded DNA unwinds, and one strand serves as a template. RNA polymerase synthesizes a complementary strand of mRNA by adding RNA nucleotides that pair with the DNA template (A with U, C with G). Once the mRNA strand is formed, it undergoes processing, which includes capping, polyadenylation, and splicing. The mature mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores into the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for translation into proteins.

A gene mutation can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme, potentially altering its structure and active site. If the active site is changed, the enzyme may be less effective in binding its substrate, resulting in a lower rate of catalysis. Additionally, mutations may lead to a misfolded enzyme that is degraded by the cell, further reducing the enzyme's overall activity.