4 (a) Describe two features of the role of tenants-in-chief in Norman England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 2

Anglo-Saxon monarchs wielded significant power for a combination of reasons:

1. Divine Right of Kings: Many believed that the monarchs were chosen by God, reinforcing their authority. This belief made it difficult for subjects to challenge their rule, as questioning the king was seen as questioning divine will.

2. Control over Land: The monarchy controlled vast areas of land, which they distributed among loyal nobles, ensuring a network of support. This landholding system allowed monarchs to fund their armies and maintain loyalty among their subjects.

3. Legal Authority: They had the power to make laws and dispense justice, which further solidified their control over the kingdom. Monarchs could settle disputes and enforce royal decrees, establishing their position as the ultimate legal authority.

4. Taxation Power: By controlling taxation, monarchs could manage the financial resources of the realm. They determined the amount of tax collected, which allowed them to fund their initiatives and strengthen their position.

While the tactics employed by the Normans were crucial to their victory at Hastings, other factors also played a significant role:

1. Norman Tactics: The Normans used effective strategies, such as the feigned retreat, which lured the Anglo-Saxon forces into a vulnerable position. This clever manipulation of battlefield tactics was decisive.

2. Preparedness and Unity: William was well-prepared and had unified his forces effectively, contrasting sharply with the Anglo-Saxon army, which had faced previous conflicts at Stamford Bridge. This lack of readiness weakened the Anglo-Saxon position.

3. Leadership and Experience: William's experience as a military leader and strategist played an essential role in orchestrating the battle effectively. His ability to command and coordinate his forces under pressure was a significant advantage.

4. Luck and Circumstance: Factors outside control also influenced the battle's outcome, including weather conditions and the morale of both armies, contributing to the overall victory.

The Harrying of the North had devastating effects, but its consequences were broader than just the destruction of lives and property:

1. Loss of Life: The immediate consequence was the extensive loss of civilian life, as many were killed or displaced due to the military campaigns.

2. Economic Impact: The destruction of farmlands and livestock led to severe economic repercussions, including famine. The North suffered long-term economic decline, affecting its future recovery.

3. Instability and Resistance: The brutalities committed instigated resentment and resistance against Norman rule, which perpetuated cycles of rebellion and violence across the region for years to come.

4. Cultural Changes: The events altered the cultural landscape, leading to a Norman dominance that restructured societal hierarchies and governance.

In conclusion, while the loss of lives and property was significant, the consequences of the Harrying of the North extended to political, social, and economic realms, fundamentally reshaping the fabric of Northern England.