‘Changes in the nature of warfare in the period c1500–c1700 were more significant than changes in the nature of warfare in the period c1700–c1900’ - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 5 - 2019 - Paper 1

To assess the significance of changes in warfare from c1500–c1700 versus c1700–c1900, we must consider key developments in military technology, strategies, and organizational structures.

Changes in c1500–c1700

1. Introduction of the New Model Army: The New Model Army, established during the English Civil War, marked a pivotal shift in military organization. This army was professional, disciplined, and recruited primarily from the common populace, unlike earlier feudal armies that relied heavily on noble retainers and mercenaries. This transition to a standing army reduced reliance on irregular troops and introduced a more flexible and effective military structure.

2. Advancements in Weaponry: The introduction of gunpowder weapons drastically changed the battlefield. Cannons and muskets provided superior range and lethality compared to traditional weapons like swords and longbows. Fortifications had to adapt to the threat posed by artillery, leading to a significant transformation in military tactics and logistics.

Changes in c1700–c1900

1. Rise of Heavy Artillery: During this period, heavy artillery became more sophisticated, with improvements in range and accuracy. The development of rifled artillery significantly enhanced its effectiveness, allowing for greater destruction on the battlefield. However, the focus remained on tactics, with much of the warfare still rooted in previous strategies.

2. Industrial Revolution's Impact: The Industrial Revolution facilitated mass production of weapons and improved supply lines, further transforming warfare. However, while these changes were impactful, they were more of an evolution of existing techniques rather than a radical shift.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while both periods saw significant changes in warfare, the developments from c1500–c1700 laid foundational shifts in military organization and strategy. The New Model Army signaled a transition to professional standing armies, which had lasting implications. In contrast, changes post-1700, though important, largely built upon earlier transformations. Therefore, I would argue that changes in c1500–c1700 were indeed more significant.