4 (a) Describe two features of the Eltham Ordinances - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 1

The Pilgrimage of Grace was a popular uprising in 1536 that arose due to several factors:

1. Inspection of the Monasteries: The dissolution of the monasteries led to widespread discontent among those who relied on these institutions for support. The royal commissioners, tasked with inspecting the monasteries, often left the communities in dire conditions, fostering resentment.

2. Enclosure: The practice of enclosure transformed communal lands into private estates, displacing peasant farmers. This economic change exacerbated poverty, leading to anger against the gentry and the crown for failing to protect the livelihoods of the common people.

3. Religious Changes: The introduction of Protestant ideas threatened the traditional Catholic practices of the English populace. Many feared the loss of their religious identity, which was a strong motivator for the uprising.

4. Political Grievances: The discontent with government policies, especially in the North, where people felt increasingly distant and neglected by central authorities, drove many to support the uprising. The commonality of grievances led to a quick mobilization against the perceived injustices.

Overall, the combination of economic, religious, and political frustrations coalesced to ignite the Pilgrimage of Grace, highlighting significant societal tensions of the time.

While Wolsey's organizational skills were undoubtedly a factor in his rise to power, it is essential to consider other influences as well. His success as Royal Almoner and his role in diplomatic efforts, such as the campaign in France, also elevated his status.

Furthermore, Wolsey's ability to navigate the political landscape and maintain favor with King Henry VIII was crucial. His organizational reforms helped streamline governance, but it was his political acumen that ultimately secured his position in the king's court.

Cromwell's reforms to the Privy Council were indeed significant in modernizing the governance of England. These reforms included the reduction of the council size and the implementation of a more meritocratic system, which allowed for greater efficiency.

However, one might argue that other changes, such as the implementation of the Break with Rome and the establishment of the Church of England, were of equal or greater importance. These changes not only reshaped the religious landscape of the nation but also solidified Cromwell's influence in the political sphere.

In conclusion, while the reform of the Privy Council was critical, it was part of a broader set of reforms that transformed England under Cromwell's guidance.