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1 (a) Describe two features of government in England in 1509 - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2023 - Paper 3
Question 1
1 (a) Describe two features of government in England in 1509. Feature 1 (b) Explain why the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) was a failure. You may use the following ... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:1 (a) Describe two features of government in England in 1509 - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 1 - 2023 - Paper 3
Step 1
Explain why the Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) was a failure.
Answer
The Pilgrimage of Grace (1536) was a significant uprising against the policies of King Henry VIII, primarily triggered by the government reforms and the dissolution of the monasteries. The failure of this movement can be attributed to several key factors:
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Leadership and Organization: The leadership of the Pilgrimage often lacked cohesion. Although some notable figures were involved, such as Robert Aske, there was insufficient organization to maintain momentum and unity. Moreover, once the leaders were captured or executed, the movement quickly lost direction.
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Role of the Duke of Norfolk: The Duke of Norfolk played a crucial role in quelling the rebellion. Initially, he allowed some negotiations, but he was determined to suppress the uprising. Norfolk's military tactics and the eventual force used against the rebels made it clear that the monarchy would not tolerate such dissent.
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Dissolution of Support: The rebellion saw a loss of support as it progressed. Many who initially participated became wary of the rebellion’s goals and the potential consequences. The promises made to the rebels were not upheld, further alienating many supporters.
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Henry VIII's Response: King Henry VIII’s resolve to stand against the uprising reflected his unwillingness to negotiate with the rebels. By sending in a well-equipped army, he demonstrated his commitment to maintaining his rule and the reforms he had implemented.
In conclusion, the combination of ineffective leadership, the decisive actions of figures like the Duke of Norfolk, and the failure to maintain widespread support ultimately led to the failure of the Pilgrimage of Grace.
Step 2
‘In the years 1513–29, Wolsey’s main reform in England was the Eltham Ordinances.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
Answer
The Eltham Ordinances, introduced by Thomas Wolsey in 1526, aimed to reform the household of the King, particularly focusing on the Privy Chamber where much royal influence resided. However, whether this was Wolsey's main reform during 1513–29 is debatable.
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Eltham Ordinances: These ordinances reorganized the King's household in an attempt to reduce expenditures and enhance efficiency. They aimed to streamline operations, making the court less expensive and more affected by Wolsey’s influence. This was significant as it allowed Wolsey to strengthen his own position within the court.
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Privy Chamber: The reform included modifications to who had access to the King, thus diminishing the power of those who surrounded Henry VIII. This control over the Privy Chamber allowed Wolsey to wield great political power by influencing decisions before they reached the King.
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Other Reforms: Beyond the Eltham Ordinances, Wolsey initiated several transformations in the realm, such as legal reforms through the establishment of the Star Chamber, which focused on ensuring justice and curtailing the influence of the nobility in the courts. Additionally, his advocacy for tax reform and the organization of the royal finances were pivotal in his administration.
In conclusion, while the Eltham Ordinances were indeed a crucial part of Wolsey's reforms, asserting that they were the main reform excludes the broader context of his actions during this period. Wolsey’s influence extended significantly beyond the Eltham Ordinances, making it clear that his reform agenda was multi-faceted.