4 (a) Describe two features of the role of tenants-in-chief in Norman England - Edexcel - GCSE History - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 2

Anglo-Saxon monarchs wielded considerable power due to a combination of factors:

1. Landholding: The monarch controlled vast areas of land, which was a source of wealth and power. By granting land to nobles in exchange for loyalty, they maintained influence over the aristocracy and ensured that their authority was recognized throughout the kingdom.

2. Law-Making Authority: Kings possessed the ultimate power to create and enforce laws. This legal authority ensured stability within society and allowed monarchs to maintain control over their subjects by setting rules regarding land ownership, justice, and royal obligations.

3. Divine Right: Monarchs were often seen as divinely chosen, which legitimized their rule in the eyes of their subjects. This belief fostered loyalty among the populace, as disobedience was viewed as a challenge to divine order.

4. Military Power: The control over military forces enabled monarchs to defend their realms and expand their territories. They could call upon nobles to provide knights and soldiers, ensuring that their rule was upheld through force if necessary.

While tactics played a critical role in William’s victory at the Battle of Hastings, other elements were equally important:

1. Norman Tactics: William employed innovative strategies, such as feigned retreats, which successfully lured the English forces into breaking their formation.

2. Psychological Factors: The morale of the Norman troops, bolstered by the promise of land and wealth, contrasted sharply with the heavy burdens faced by the English defenders, who were tired and less prepared.

3. Preparation and Resources: The Normans had the advantage of better resources and preparation, including a robust cavalry, which outmatched the predominantly infantry-based English forces.

In conclusion, while William’s tactics were essential, the interplay of psychological factors, military resource advantages, and troop morale contributed significantly to his victory.

The Harrying of the North had dire consequences, but its main effects can be viewed from multiple angles:

1. Loss of Lives and Property: The widespread destruction of homes and farms resulted in significant loss of life and livelihoods. This brutal campaign aimed to suppress rebellion and instill fear, which had long-lasting effects on the northern population.

2. Impact on Economy: The devastation led to agricultural collapse in the North, resulting in famine and economic decline. The brutality of the campaign disrupted trade and weakened the region's ability to support itself.

3. Political Control: Beyond immediate physical destruction, the Harrying served to consolidate Norman power. By decimating rebellious areas, it allowed William to establish greater political control over the North, thus forming a lasting impact on the structure of governance.

In conclusion, while the destruction of lives and property was indeed a central consequence, the strategic ramifications for Norman rule and the long-term socio-economic fallout were equally significant.