How far do you agree that there were more significant changes to prisons in the period 1750–1900 than in the period since 1900? Give reasons for your answer. - OCR Gateway - GCSE History - Question 5 - 2022 - Paper 1

To evaluate the argument concerning significant changes to prisons in these two periods, it is essential to consider key features and developments in the prison system during both timeframes.

Changes in the Period 1750–1900

1. Construction and Reform of Prisons: The period from 1750 to 1900 witnessed considerable changes in prison architecture and management. The introduction of the Separate System, visible in institutions like Pentonville, was a major shift aimed at rehabilitation rather than mere punishment. This approach emphasized solitude and reflection for inmates.

2. Legislative Reforms: Various acts and reforms, such as the Penitentiary Act of 1779 and subsequent legislation, created a structured environment within prisons, moving towards a more systematic penal system. The focus shifted towards the moral reformation of prisoners.

3. Public Perception and Treatment of Inmates: There was a growing awareness of the conditions within prisons and changes in public attitudes towards the treatment of prisoners. This culminated in movements advocating for humane treatment and the establishment of more reformative approaches in prison policies.

Changes in the Period Since 1900

1. Modernization and Overcrowding Issues: Since 1900, prisons have seen some modernization and developments in techniques. However, many prisons grapple with significant overcrowding issues, which often undermine rehabilitation efforts. The increase in crime rates and the rise of shorter custodial sentences have exacerbated these problems.

2. Shift towards Alternatives to Imprisonment: In recent years, there has been a notable shift towards alternative sentencing, including probation and community service. This approach indicates a significant change in how societies perceive incarceration itself as a penal measure.

3. Human Rights Advocacy: There has been a growing emphasis on human rights within prisons post-1900, highlighting issues of treatment, conditions, and rehabilitation efforts. Yet, these changes often face challenges due to resource limitations.

Conclusion

In conclusion, while both periods have displayed significant changes, the alterations from 1750 to 1900 arguably laid foundational reforms that sought to transform the penal system fundamentally. The changes post-1900, while important, appear less revolutionary and more focused on managing existing issues rather than structural reform.