'The most successful Viking settlement outside of their homelands was in Iceland.' How far do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. - OCR Gateway - GCSE History - Question 5 - 2021 - Paper 1

To assess whether Iceland was the most successful Viking settlement outside their homelands, we must evaluate various factors such as trade, colonization, and cultural exchange.

Iceland, established around 874 AD, became a hub for Viking settlers due to its fertile land, rich fishing waters, and strategic location. It facilitated trade routes between the Nordic countries and the British Isles, enhancing both economic and cultural interactions. Additionally, Iceland’s political structure allowed for the establishment of the Althing, one of the world's oldest parliaments, which fostered a sense of governance and community among the settlers.

However, asserting that it was the most successful requires comparison with other Viking settlements, such as those in Greenland and Newfoundland. Greenland, though harsher in climate, saw long-term settlements that traded with Europe. In contrast, the Viking presence in Newfoundland, specifically L'Anse aux Meadows, provides archaeological evidence of early European contact in North America, showcasing the broader reach of Viking exploration.

In conclusion, while Iceland was undoubtedly significant as a Viking settlement, other settlements also exhibit features of success, suggesting that success can be measured in varying ways depending on the criteria applied.