Modern shellac nail varnishes are more durable and so last longer than traditional nail polish - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 7 - 2016

A free radical is a species that has one or more unpaired electrons, making it highly reactive.

This step is referred to as initiation.

The functional group is a carboxylic acid.

Propan-2-ol is classified as a secondary alcohol because the hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to a carbon atom that is bonded to two other carbon atoms.

The structural formula for butyl ethanoate is:

       H   H   H
       |   |   |
  H - C - C - O - C - C - H
       |   |   |
       H   H   H

A wet paper towel is wrapped around the test tube to condense any vapors or reactants, which helps in the cooling process and prevents the loss of reactants.

To calculate the percentage yield, we first need to determine the theoretical amount of ethyl ethanoate produced from 2.5 g of ethanol. The molar mass of ethanol is 46 g/mol.

1. Calculate moles of ethanol:

   $2.5 ext{ g} / 46 ext{ g/mol} = 0.054 ext{ moles}$

2. Theoretical yield of ethyl ethanoate from this reaction is equivalent to this amount since the reaction produces 1 mole of ethyl ethanoate per mole of ethanol.

3. Now, the mass of the ethyl ethanoate produced can be calculated:

   Theoretical mass = moles × molar mass = $0.054 ext{ moles} × 88 ext{ g/mol} = 4.752 ext{ g}$

4. The actual yield obtained is 2.9 g.

5. Percentage yield = rac{ ext{actual yield}}{ ext{theoretical yield}} × 100 = rac{2.9 ext{ g}}{4.752 ext{ g}} × 100 ≈ 60.9 ext{ %}.

The type of reaction that takes place is called condensation.