4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Question 4
4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling.
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Worked Solution & Example Answer:4. Cider is made from apples in a process that involves crushing and pressing the apples, converting the sugars in the apples into alcohol, maturing and bottling - Scottish Highers Chemistry - Question 4 - 2019
Step 1
State what is meant by the term enzyme.
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Answer
An enzyme is a biological catalyst that acts to accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process.
Step 2
Calculate the % mass of alcohol in the cider.
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Answer
First, calculate the mass of the cider sample:
Mass of cider = Volume × Density = 50 , \text{cm}³ × 1.36 , \text{g/cm}³ = 68 , \text{g}.
Next, use the formula:
[
\text{% mass of alcohol} = \frac{3.05 , \text{g}}{68 , \text{g}} \times 100 = 4.49% \text{ (to 2 decimal places)}
]
Step 3
Name compound X.
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Compound X is carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Step 4
State the systematic name for glycerol.
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The systematic name for glycerol is propane-1,2,3-triol.
Step 5
Explain fully why procyanidin B2 is water soluble.
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Answer
Procyanidin B2 is water soluble due to the presence of multiple hydroxyl (-OH) groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water, enhancing its solubility.
Step 6
Name the carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate.
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The carboxylic acid used to make ethyl 2-methylbutanoate is 2-methylbutanoic acid.
Step 7
Name the molecule on which terpenes are based.
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Terpenes are based on the molecule isoprene.
Step 8
Name the functional group circled in the ethanol molecule.
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The functional group circled in the ethanol molecule is the hydroxyl group (–OH).
Step 9
Name this product.
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Answer
The product formed from further oxidation of ethanol is ethanoic acid (acetic acid).
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