Look at Diagram Q4.
Explain the formation of a waterfall.
You may wish to use an annotated diagram or diagrams in your answer.
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Look at Diagram Q4 - Scottish Highers Geography - Question 4 - 2023
Step 1
Explain the process of hydraulic action
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Answer
Hydraulic action occurs when water compresses air in cracks and joints of rocks, which leads to the erosion of the riverbed as trapped air forces its way out, breaking apart the rock material.
Step 2
Describe the role of erosion with abrasion
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Answer
As the river flows over the waterfall, the force of the water will impact the stream bed and erode softer rocks, causing the harder rocks above it to collapse due to the lack of support.
Step 3
Analyze the formation of a plunge pool
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Answer
At the base of the waterfall, the impact of the falling water creates a plunge pool. The force of the water, along with erosion, will remove loose materials from the base, contributing to the depth of the pool.
Step 4
Outline the process of undercutting
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Answer
As the plunge pool grows deeper, undercutting occurs. The softer rock underneath erodes faster than the harder rock above it, leading to the eventual collapse of the overhanging rock.
Step 5
Compose a concluding remark
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Answer
The combined effects of hydraulic action, abrasion, plunge pool formation, and undercutting create a waterfall, which continually evolves through these geological processes.
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