Attempt either A or B - Scottish Highers Human Biology - Question 14 - 2019

Encoding

Encoding is the process of transferring information into memory. This begins with sensory memory, where information is initially registered. From sensory memory, only selected images or sounds are encoded into short-term memory (STM). The transfer to long-term memory (LTM) occurs through various methods such as rehearsal or organizational techniques that help in retaining the information.

Two important concepts in encoding are:

1. Rehearsal: This involves the repetition of information. For instance, organizing information into related groups can facilitate memory. This technique aids in retaining details longer by associating them with existing knowledge.
2. Elaboration: This is a deeper level of processing, where the individual connects new information with already known concepts, enhancing retrieval cues.

Storage

Storage refers to the retention of information over time. Information can be held in STM for several seconds, while LTM can retain it for extended durations, potentially for a lifetime.

Key points regarding storage include:

• STM has a limited capacity which, as per Miller's law, typically holds about 7 ± 2 items.
• Information is transformed from STM to LTM, which has a much greater capacity.
• Retention can decline if information is not actively maintained.

Retrieval

Retrieval refers to the process of accessing information stored in LTM when needed. Effective retrieval can depend on contextual cues that trigger memories. Such cues often relate to the circumstances under which the information was encoded, thereby making recall an associative process. The retrieval process can be facilitated by using various mnemonic techniques that aid in connecting memories.