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The diagram shows some of the stages in the breakdown of alcohol by the liver - Scottish Highers Human Biology - Question 3 - 2019
Question 3
The diagram shows some of the stages in the breakdown of alcohol by the liver. alcohol -> acetaldehyde (toxic compound) -> intermediate compound -> acetyl group (a... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:The diagram shows some of the stages in the breakdown of alcohol by the liver - Scottish Highers Human Biology - Question 3 - 2019
Step 1
Use information from the diagram to explain how alcohol can be used as a substrate in respiration.
Answer
Alcohol acts as a substrate in respiration by being converted into acetaldehyde, which is a toxic compound. This acetaldehyde can then undergo further reactions involving various enzymes, leading to the production of the acetyl group. The acetyl group subsequently enters the citric acid cycle, producing energy which is vital for cellular processes.
Step 2
In these individuals an altered form of enzyme 2 is produced due to a missense mutation. Suggest why this altered form of enzyme 2 works less well than the unaltered form.
Answer
The altered form of enzyme 2 may contain a different amino acid which can affect its folding and thus its active site. This can lead to reduced efficiency in catalyzing reactions, meaning that the enzyme is less effective at breaking down acetaldehyde.
Step 3
Explain why these individuals are less tolerant of alcohol.
Answer
Individuals with reduced function of enzyme 2 will experience a buildup of acetaldehyde, the toxic compound, within their system. This can lead to adverse effects from alcohol consumption, making them less tolerant to alcohol.
Step 4
Explain how this drug will affect the enzyme.
Answer
The drug acts as a competitive inhibitor, meaning it will bind to the active site of enzyme 2, blocking the substrate from accessing the site. This reduces the overall activity of the enzyme, slowing down the breakdown of alcohol and thereby helping to manage alcohol consumption.