7.3.2 Theory Construction & Hypothesis Testing; Paradigms & Paradigm Shift

Theory

A theory is a framework/explanation for describing a phenomenon. It may be based on observations about the world or on empirical data derived from hypothesis testing. Theory construction is a major element of how science works. Science progresses through a cycle in which ideas (theories) are tested by empirical methods and refined in the light of evidence. Theory construction enables predictions to be made which can be translated into hypotheses and tested empirically. The data obtained from using empirical methods can be used to support/reject/refine the original theory. This knowledge allows theory construction and testing to progress through the scientific cycle of enquiry.

Paradigm

Set of shared assumptions and agreed methods within a scientific discipline.

Paradigm shift

Result of a scientific revolution – A significant change in the main theory within a scientific discipline