Network Hardware

Overview

To create and connect to a network, several types of hardware devices are required. Each piece of network hardware has a specific purpose, enabling computers and other devices to communicate and share data. Understanding these devices and their roles in a network is essential for building and managing effective network systems.

Types of Network Hardware

Modem

• Purpose: A modem (short for "modulator-demodulator") is used to connect a local network or individual device to the internet.
• Function: It converts digital data from a computer into analogue signals that can be transmitted over phone lines or cables, and vice versa.
• Types:
  • DSL Modem: Uses telephone lines for internet connections.
  • Cable Modem: Uses coaxial cables, often from cable TV providers, for internet access.

Router

• Purpose: A router directs data between different networks, like a home network and the internet.
• Function: It examines data packets and determines the best path to send them, connecting multiple devices on a local network to the internet and often includes built-in security features, like firewalls.
• Additional Capabilities: Many modern routers include Wi-Fi capabilities, acting as wireless access points as well.

Network Interface Card (NIC)

• Purpose: A NIC is a hardware component that enables a device to connect to a network.
• Function: It acts as the bridge between a computer and the network, managing data transmission and reception.
• Types:
  • Wired NIC: Connects via Ethernet cables for a stable, high-speed connection.
  • Wireless NIC: Connects to Wi-Fi networks, allowing mobility without cables.

Wireless Access Point (WAP)

• Purpose: A WAP allows wireless devices to connect to a wired network.
• Function: It acts as a hub for Wi-Fi devices, transmitting and receiving data between them and the main network.
• Common Uses: WAPs are often used in areas where many users need to connect wirelessly, like offices, schools, and public spaces.

Hub

• Purpose: A hub connects multiple devices within a network, allowing them to communicate with each other.
• Function: It broadcasts data to all connected devices, regardless of the intended destination. This makes hubs less efficient than switches, as unnecessary data is sent to all devices, leading to potential network congestion.
• Limitations: Due to their simplicity, hubs are rarely used in modern networks and have largely been replaced by switches.

Switch

• Purpose: A switch connects devices within a local network and improves the efficiency of data transmission by directing data only to the intended recipient.
• Function: Unlike a hub, a switch creates a direct path between the sending and receiving devices, improving network performance and reducing unnecessary traffic.
• Advantages Over Hubs: Switches prevent data collisions and improve network speed by delivering data only where it is needed.

Cables

• Purpose: Network cables physically connect devices within a network and transmit data between them.
• Types:
  • Ethernet (Twisted Pair) Cable: Commonly used for wired LANs, offering reliable, high-speed connections for short to medium distances.
  • Coaxial Cable: Often used for cable internet connections, carrying analogue signals.
  • Fibre-Optic Cable: Used for long-distance, high-speed data transmission; it transmits data as light pulses, making it extremely fast and suitable for high-bandwidth needs.

Examples of Hardware Use in Different Network Scenarios

Home Network Setup:

• Modem: Connects the home network to the internet.
• Router: Directs traffic between the home devices and the internet; often includes Wi-Fi.
• Switch: If there are many wired devices (e.g., desktops, gaming consoles), a switch may be used to reduce traffic and enhance performance.
• Wireless Access Point: Provides Wi-Fi coverage throughout the home, allowing mobile devices to connect wirelessly.

Office Network Setup:

• Modem and Router: Connect the office network to the internet and handle traffic management.
• Switches: Used to connect numerous wired devices like desktop computers, printers, and servers in an organised and efficient manner.
• Wireless Access Points: Provide Wi-Fi access for laptops, tablets, and other mobile devices in the office.
• NICs: Each device, whether wired or wireless, needs a NIC to connect to the network.

Note Summary