Adder Circuits

Overview

Adder circuits are fundamental components in digital electronics used for binary addition, a key operation in computer systems. They are commonly found in arithmetic logic units (ALUs), performing essential tasks like addition, subtraction, and other arithmetic operations. This note will cover the two main types of adder circuits: half adders and full adders, explaining their purpose, structure, and how they work.

Purpose of Adder Circuits

Adder circuits are designed to perform the addition of binary numbers:

• A single binary addition involves two bits (e.g., 0 + 1) and may produce a carry.
• When adding multi-bit binary numbers, carry bits must be accounted for, making adder circuits crucial for this process.

Half Adder

A half-adder adds two single-bit binary numbers but cannot handle carry input from a previous operation.

Inputs:

• $A$ = First binary digit.
• $B$ = Second binary digit.

Outputs:

• Sum ($S$): The result of $A + B$
• Carry ($C$): The carry-out bit, which is 1 if $A + B$ produces a carry.

Logic Gates:

• Sum ($S$): XOR gate ($A \oplus B$).
• Carry ($C$): AND gate ($A \land B$).

Truth Table:

$A$	$B$	Sum ($S$)	Carry ($C$)
0	0	0	0
0	1	1	0
1	0	1	0
1	1	0	1

Full Adder

A full adder adds three binary inputs: two data bits and a carry bit from a previous addition. This makes it suitable for multi-bit binary addition.

Inputs:

• $A$: First binary digit.
• $B$: Second binary digit.
• $C_{in}$: Carry-in from the previous bit's addition.

Outputs:

• Sum ($S$): The result of $A + B + C_{in}$
• Carry-out ($C_{out}$): The carry to the next stage.

Logic Gates:

Sum (S):

$$A \oplus B \oplus C_{in}$$

Carry-out ($C_{out}$):

$$(A \land B) \lor (B \land C_{in}) \lor (A \land C_{in})$$

Truth Table:

$A$	$B$	$C_{in}$	Sum ($S$)	Carry-out ($C_{out}$)
0	0	0	0	0
0	0	1	1	0
0	1	0	1	0
0	1	1	0	1
1	0	0	1	0
1	0	1	0	1
1	1	0	0	1
1	1	1	1	1

Example Diagrams

Half Adder Circuit:

• Sum ($S$): XOR gate.
• Carry ($C$): AND gate.

Full Adder Circuit:

• Sum ($S$): Two XOR gates.
• Carry-out ($C_{out}$): Two AND gates and one OR gate.

Note Summary