31.4.2 Characteristics, Examples, and Global Impact of Semi-Democratic States

Characteristics of Semi-Democratic States

1. Superficial Democratic Features with Authoritarian Underpinnings

• Superficial Democracy: Semi-democratic states often appear to have the features of a democracy, such as holding elections and maintaining democratic institutions. However, these features are undermined by authoritarian practices that ensure the government remains in power and is not fully accountable to the public.
• Underlying Authoritarian Features: Despite the presence of democratic institutions, semi-democratic states have mechanisms in place that prevent a true transfer of power. The ruling government is unlikely to willingly relinquish power, often manipulating the system to maintain control.

2. Limited Rule of Law

• Weak Commitment to Democratic Principles: In semi-democratic states, the rule of law is often limited. The government is not fully committed to the democratic principles of justice, fairness, and tolerance. Legal systems may be manipulated to serve the interests of those in power, rather than to uphold justice and equality for all citizens.
• Judicial Independence: The judiciary, which should act as a check on government power, is often under pressure from the government and lacks true independence. This undermines the enforcement of laws and the protection of citizens' rights.

3. Flawed Elections

• Elections with Democratic Deficits: While elections do take place in semi-democratic states, they are often marred by significant flaws. Essential democratic elements, such as a free press, independent electoral commissions, and transparent processes, are missing.
• Unfair Election Practices: Elections may involve widespread manipulation, such as voter intimidation, vote-rigging, and the use of propaganda to influence voters. Instances of people voting for the deceased or being heavily persuaded by the ruling party are common.

4. Influence of the Military and Other Improper Forces

• Military as a "Fourth Branch of Government": In semi-democratic states, the military often plays a significant role in governance, acting as an unofficial "fourth branch of government". The military's influence can overshadow civilian institutions, and it may intervene in politics to protect its interests or those of the ruling elites.
• Improper Influences: Besides the military, wealthy elites and foreign powers may exert significant influence over the government. These forces can manipulate political outcomes to serve their interests, further undermining the democratic process.

Examples of Semi-Democratic States

South Africa

Turkey

• Judiciary Under Pressure: Turkey holds elections, but the judiciary is under pressure from the government, compromising its independence. The media is also heavily controlled, limiting free expression and undermining the democratic process.
• Authoritarian Tendencies: Under President Erdoğan, Turkey has exhibited increasing authoritarian tendencies, with crackdowns on opposition figures, journalists, and civil society, making it a prime example of a semi-democratic state.

Iran

• Controlled Elections: Iran holds elections, but the candidates are vetted by the Guardian Council, which ensures that only those loyal to the ruling theocracy can run. This limits the democratic nature of the elections and ensures that the real power remains with the religious and political elites.
• Military Influence: The Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) plays a significant role in both the military and the economy, exerting substantial influence over government policies and maintaining the regime's power.

Consequences for Global Order

Erosion of Democratic Norms

• Undermining Global Democratic Standards: The existence of semi-democratic states challenges the global promotion of democratic norms. These states often claim democratic legitimacy while engaging in practices that undermine true democratic principles. This erosion of norms can weaken international efforts to promote democracy and human rights.

Regional Instability

• Potential for Conflict: The combination of authoritarian control and the veneer of democracy can lead to internal unrest, as citizens may become frustrated with the lack of genuine democratic representation. This can result in protests, political instability, and even civil conflict, which can spill over into neighbouring regions.

Complex International Relations

• Challenging Diplomatic Engagement: Semi-democratic states often present challenges for other countries, particularly fully democratic states, when it comes to diplomatic engagement. These states may be unpredictable partners, as their internal governance issues can lead to inconsistent foreign policies and a focus on regime survival rather than international cooperation.

Influence on Non-State Actors

• Support for Non-State Actors: Semi-democratic states may support or oppose non-state actors depending on how these actors align with their interests. This can include both positive engagement with NGOs and negative involvement with violent groups, depending on the context.