Scottish Civil War

Robert the Bruce & the Road to Bannockburn

Introduction

The Scottish Civil War was a crucial period that laid the groundwork for the later Wars of Independence and significantly shaped the rule of Robert the Bruce. This guide aims to describe the key events during this civil war, the challenges Bruce faced, and the events leading up to the monumental Battle of Bannockburn.

Inception of the Civil War

Scotland's Civil War arguably began when Robert the Bruce killed John Comyn, dividing the nation between their respective supporters. Comyn's allies were influential figures who also had ties with King Edward's Court, providing them with substantial resources for revenge.

Internal Conflicts

In battles like Methven and Dalrigh, Bruce didn't only face English troops but also Scots from the opposition, notably led by John MacDougal of Argyll, Comyn's cousin.

Exile and Return

Bruce left Scotland and was mockingly termed as "King Hob". Although commonly believed to be inspired by a spider to return, this story is contested. Bruce returned to Scotland in February 1307.

Strategic Wins and Losses

Bruce captured his birthplace, Turnberry Castle, and formed an army from the local tenants. In contrast, his brothers Thomas and Alexander were captured and executed by the English.

Guerrilla Campaign

Bruce utilized guerrilla warfare against the English, notably defeating an English patrol at Glen Trool in April 1307 and later facing Valance at Loudoun Hill and emerging victorious.

A Turn of Events

The death of King Edward in 1307 was a significant boon for Bruce. His son, Edward II, assumed the throne but proved less effective in quelling the Scottish rebellion.

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Scottish Civil War

Consolidating Scotland

Bruce shifted his focus towards eliminating the Comyn supporters in Scotland. He succeeded in capturing multiple Comyn-controlled castles, including Inverlochy, Urquhart, Inverness, and Nairn.

Challenges and Victories

Facing ill health and military failures like the inability to capture Elgin Castle, Bruce nonetheless triumphed over Buchan and later enacted punitive measures against his supporters.

Southern Campaign

Bruce also aimed for the control of southern Scotland, winning victories like Dougla Castle, and gaining support from influential Scots in the process.

Victory in the Isles

Bruce avenged his previous defeat at Dalrigh by conquering the McDougals at the Pass of Brander, gaining control of Dunstaffnage Castle.

Political Milestones

Bruce convened his first official parliament at St Andrews in March 1309. He also received recognition from the French King Philip IV and collected tributes from Scotland's bishops.

End of the Civil War

By 1309, Bruce had won significant support, ending the Scottish Civil War. Bruce then shifted his focus towards challenging the English presence in Scotland.

Prelude to Bannockburn

King Edward II sent an army north but had to retreat, confirming his ineffective rule. Bruce led multiple raids into northern England and started reconquering Scottish castles. By 1314, only Stirling and Berwick remained in English hands, setting the stage for the Battle of Bannockburn.

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Scottish Civil War

Conclusion

The Scottish Civil War was a turbulent but defining era that transformed Robert the Bruce from an exile into a revered king. Through a series of military, political, and strategic accomplishments, Bruce managed to unite a fractured Scotland and set the stage for its eventual independence. The civil war served as a crucible for Bruce's leadership, culminating in the pivotal Battle of Bannockburn, which would further define his legacy and Scotland's future.