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Investigating brain function may involve the following techniques: - External recording of the brain using EEG - OCR Gateway - GCSE Biology - Question 21 - 2019 - Paper 3
Question 21
Investigating brain function may involve the following techniques: - External recording of the brain using EEG. - Scanning techniques such as CAT and MRI. - Case st... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Investigating brain function may involve the following techniques: - External recording of the brain using EEG - OCR Gateway - GCSE Biology - Question 21 - 2019 - Paper 3
Step 1
Understanding of brain function has increased in recent years. However, there are still problems that scientists face that are preventing a complete understanding. Evaluate the reasons why understanding has increased but also why problems still exist.
Answer
The understanding of brain function has improved significantly due to advancements in technology and research techniques. For example, the development of various scanning techniques such as CAT and MRI has allowed for more accurate observations of brain structure and function. Furthermore, external recording methods such as EEG provide real-time data on brain activity, enhancing our knowledge.
However, despite these advancements, several challenges continue to hinder a comprehensive understanding of the brain. Firstly, obtaining case studies from individuals can be difficult due to ethical concerns and the need for informed consent, which can limit access to critical data. Additionally, the interpretation of data from these studies can be complex and multifaceted, often involving numerous variables that make it hard to draw definitive conclusions. Finally, the individual variations in brain structure and function mean that findings may not be universally applicable.
Step 2
When scientists complete their research they usually publish it in journals or online. Give two reasons why scientists publish their results.
Answer
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To share findings with the scientific community for peer review and validation.
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To contribute to the body of scientific knowledge, enabling other researchers to build upon their work.
Step 3
Calculate the speed of diffusion in a person with Alzheimer's disease. Use this formula: speed = distance + time.
Answer
To calculate the speed of diffusion, we use the formula:
ext{speed} = rac{ ext{distance}}{ ext{time}}Given that the distance is 32 nm (which is m) and the time is s, we calculate:
ext{speed} = rac{32 imes 10^{-9}}{6.4 imes 10^{-7}} ext{ m/s}Calculating this value gives the speed of diffusion as approximately 0.05 m/s.
Step 4
How does the result obtained in part (i) account for the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease?
Answer
The calculated speed of diffusion at approximately 0.05 m/s is significantly slower than that of a healthy person's brain, where the speed is 0.2 m/s. This reduced speed can contribute to the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease, such as difficulties in judging distance and concentrating, as slower neurotransmission may lead to delayed communication between neurones. This impaired signaling can affect cognitive functions and decision-making abilities.