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Scientists can make the proteins they need outside of living cells (in vitro) - OCR Gateway - GCSE Biology - Question 22 - 2019 - Paper 3
Question 22
Scientists can make the proteins they need outside of living cells (in vitro). To do this they use cell free protein synthesis kits. The kit includes three differe... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Scientists can make the proteins they need outside of living cells (in vitro) - OCR Gateway - GCSE Biology - Question 22 - 2019 - Paper 3
Step 1
Describe the role of the DNA template and mRNA nucleotides in the production of the protein.
Answer
The DNA template serves as the blueprint for protein synthesis. During transcription, the DNA molecule is transcribed into mRNA, which carries the genetic instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes.
mRNA nucleotides are essential as they are assembled in a sequence that is complementary to the DNA template. This sequence dictates the specific order of amino acids in the resulting protein, allowing it to fold and function correctly.
Step 2
Describe the role of the tRNA nucleotides and ribosomes in the production of the protein.
Answer
tRNA nucleotides play a critical role in translating the mRNA sequence into a protein. Each tRNA molecule carries a specific amino acid and has an anticodon region that pairs with the corresponding codon on the mRNA strand. This ensures that the correct amino acid is added to the growing polypeptide chain.
Ribosomes facilitate this process by providing a site for mRNA and tRNA interaction, catalyzing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids, thus forming the protein.
Step 3
Explain why many crimes committed over 30 years ago can now be solved using PCR.
Answer
PCR amplifies small amounts of DNA, making it possible to analyze samples that were previously too small or degraded for genetic analysis. This advancement allows forensic scientists to obtain sufficient DNA from crime scenes, even if only trace amounts were left behind, enabling them to identify suspects or victims that may have been previously unidentifiable.
Step 4
Step 5
Suggest other reasons why organisations might need a DNA database.
Answer
Organisations may need a DNA database for various purposes, including:
- Paternity testing to establish familial relationships.
- Medical research to identify genetic disorders or traits.
- Biodiversity conservation efforts to track genetic variation in endangered species.
- Verification of biological samples in medical and legal contexts.
Step 6
Write down one reason why people might not want to be included on a DNA database.
Answer
One reason individuals might oppose inclusion in a DNA database is the potential breach of privacy, as personal genetic information may be misused for discrimination or profiling in areas such as employment, insurance, or law enforcement.