2 (a) Describe the role of Angel Jibril in Islam - OCR - GCSE Religious Studies - Question 2 - 2020 - Paper 1

In Islamic belief, Barzakh refers to the intermediate state between death and the Day of Resurrection. It is a realm where the soul resides after physical death, where it awaits the final judgement. During this period, the experiences of the soul can vary; the righteous may experience peace and a glimpse of Paradise, while the sinful may face punishment and torment. Barzakh acts as a barrier that separates the living from the dead, emphasizing the importance of one's deeds in life, as they dictate the soul's condition in Barzakh.

1. Just Cause: Lesser Jihad, or military struggle, must be waged for a just cause, typically the defense of Islam, its followers, and the right to practice faith without oppression.
2. Authority: It must be declared by a legitimate leader or authority in the Muslim community, such as a caliph or governing body, to ensure it aligns with Islamic principles.
3. Moral Conduct: Those engaged in Lesser Jihad must observe ethical conduct during warfare, adhering to rules that protect the innocent and limit harm.

Ramadan is a holy month during which Muslims around the world observe fasting from dawn until sunset. This fast, known as Sawm, is one of the Five Pillars of Islam. Worship during Ramadan includes increased prayers, particularly the Taraweeh prayers held at night, which involve reciting portions of the Quran. Moreover, Muslims focus on acts of charity (Zakat) and community, aiming for spiritual reflection and growth. Suhoor, the pre-dawn meal, and Iftar, the meal breaking the fast at sunset, are communal and familial traditions that enhance the spirit of unity and gratitude.

The khutba, or sermon, delivered by the Imam during Friday prayers is indeed considered a pivotal component of worship in Islam. It serves not only to educate and inform the congregation about religious duties and ethical living but also reinforces community bonds. Supporters of the khutba argue that it provides essential guidance from Islamic teachings, interpreting and applying the Quran to contemporary issues. However, some may contend that the actual act of prayer holds equal if not greater, significance, emphasizing personal spirituality through Salah. Diverse perspectives exist on this topic, and referencing scholarly opinions enhances the discussion. Key texts, such as Hadith literature, illustrate that the Prophet Muhammad placed great importance on the khutba, making it integral for regular communal worship.