Refer to FIGURE 4.1 on rural settlements - NSC Geography - Question 4 - 2018 - Paper 1

A scattered or dispersed settlement pattern occurs when houses are located at significant distances from each other. This setup is common in rural areas where land availability is vast, and it allows for agricultural activities without encroachment.

Less safe and secure settlements often refer to informal settlements where inadequate infrastructure and poor living conditions contribute to vulnerability. Lack of access to basic services such as policing and sanitation exacerbates these safety concerns.

Settlements influenced by a single road typically exhibit a linear pattern, where development happens along the transport route. This allows residents easy access to markets and services, promoting economic activities.

The settlement pattern linked to large commercial farms is often linear or clustered, concentrating residential structures near agricultural operations. This arrangement supports farm management and the transport of large quantities of goods.

A stellar settlement pattern radiates outward from a central point. This form allows for efficient transport and connectivity between various regions, supporting economic and social interactions.

Elongated farmland often results from historical land division practices, where parcels are shaped to allow access to a road or river. This shape aids in maximizing agricultural output while ensuring access to necessary resources.

The correct term here is 'market' industries, as these industries focus on producing goods that need to be sold quickly to maintain freshness, such as food products.

Food processing industries, including bakeries, are generally classified as 'light' industries because they usually involve smaller-scale production processes and facilities.

These are referred to as 'bridge' industries because they serve as a link in the supply chain, processing raw materials before they reach the consumer.

The term 'ubiquitous' applies, as these industries can operate anywhere without needing specific locational advantages.

The correct classification is 'heavy' industry since it typically involves significant capital investment and large-scale operations.

'Market' industry is the correct term as these industries cater directly to consumers, reducing transportation costs.

'Footloose' industries can operate in any location without being tied to specific resources or markets, making them flexible.

'Light' industries are often found close to the rural-urban fringe as they benefit from lower land costs while still accessing urban markets.

According to the latest studies, approximately 27% of residents in South African cities live in informal settlements or shacks, reflecting socio-economic challenges.

The clustering of shacks is primarily due to affordable housing shortages, where many people choose to live close together for shared resources and community support.

1. Protests against poor service delivery and inadequate housing conditions are common.
2. Increased crime rates and unrest within communities can signal dissatisfaction with living conditions.

Residents of informal settlements face numerous barriers to improving their standard of living, including inadequate access to basic services such as clean water, sanitation, and electricity. The absence of legal land tenure leads to constant threats of eviction, making long-term investments in home improvements risky. Economic opportunities are limited due to lack of education and skills, perpetuating cycles of poverty. Furthermore, inadequate infrastructure hinders mobility and access to employment. The social dynamics within these communities can also discourage aspiration, keeping individuals trapped in low-income situations. Overall, systemic issues contribute to the precarious living conditions that residents endure.

Environmental injustice refers to situations where marginalized communities disproportionately bear the burdens of environmental hazards, often due to systemic discrimination in political and economic structures.

The environmental injustice caused by the coal-powered power station is primarily air pollution, which disproportionately affects nearby communities.

Poor communities typically lack the resources to defend against environmental hazards and often reside in proximity to polluting industries, leading to higher health risks and limited access to remediation.

1. Increased respiratory illnesses among residents due to poor air quality.
2. Economic impacts as healthcare costs rise and land values drop, limiting community development.

1. Implement stricter pollution control regulations to reduce emissions from the power station.
2. Establish community health programs to monitor and improve residents' health outcomes affected by pollution.

The location of the Medupi Power Station negatively affects surrounding farming communities by reducing air quality and harming crop yields. Pollution from the station can damage soil health and diminish water quality, undermining agricultural productivity and threatening the livelihoods of farmers.

The bar graph indicates a negative trend for manufacturing in 2017, showing a decline in output compared to previous years.

The non-metallic mineral products sector experienced improvements in 2017, reflecting growth in demand and production.

Clothing manufacturing had the least growth in 2017, impacted by competition from imports and changing consumer preferences.

A significant factor impacting the clothing sector's growth is the influx of cheaper imports, which undermines local production capabilities.

Labour strikes have frequently hindered production, leading to decreased output and economic losses within the manufacturing sector.

Strengthening manufacturing activities is crucial as it fosters economic growth, creates jobs, and enhances the country's global competitiveness. A robust manufacturing sector can diversify the economy and reduce reliance on imports.

1. Invest in advanced manufacturing technologies to enhance productivity.
2. Provide skills training programs to upskill the workforce and meet industry demands.

Informal trading refers to business activities that occur outside regulated markets, often unregistered and without paying taxes.

The total worth of the South African food market is estimated at R485 billion, indicating the significance of this sector in the economy.

Approximately 69% of the South African food market figure is attributed to the formal trade market, showcasing its substantial role.

1. Proximity to customers increases accessibility, driving higher sales volumes.
2. Spaza outlets often offer essential goods, making them vital to local communities.

Many informal traders are foreigners due to various factors, including economic opportunities in host countries. They often face fewer barriers to entering the informal economy, where they can start small businesses without the need for extensive capital. Additionally, some foreigners come from regions with unstable economies, seeking better livelihoods. The informal sector allows them to harness their skills and provide much-needed goods and services to communities. However, they can also encounter challenges such as discrimination and legal barriers, impacting their operations and livelihoods.