QUESTION 5: INDEPENDENT AFRICA: COMPARATIVE CASE STUDY – THE CONGO AND TANZANIA Critically discuss how Mobutu Sese Seko (the Congo) and Julius Nyerere (Tanzania) addressed the economic and political challenges that confronted their respective countries after attaining independence in the 1960s. - NSC History - Question 5 - 2018 - Paper 1

Mobutu Sese Seko's administration relied heavily on agriculture and mineral extraction, which created a mono-product economy that was vulnerable to fluctuations in global prices. The economic policies of Zaireanization aimed at replacing foreign investors with Zairian nationals often resulted in mismanagement and corruption, further compounding the economic stagnation. Infrastructure deteriorated as investment declined, and the country became increasingly dependent on foreign aid and loans.

In contrast, Julius Nyerere's Tanzania also focused on agriculture and mineral extraction but aimed to develop a credible manufacturing sector. The Arusha Declaration aimed to abolish exploitation and reduce income inequalities. However, these policies faced significant challenges, leading to limited success. The villageization policy sought to improve service delivery but resulted in resistance from peasants. By the late 1970s, Tanzania found itself relying heavily on foreign aid due to declining exports and economic difficulties.

Mobutu's regime was characterized by authoritarianism and a lack of political plurality. After establishing himself as president for life, he enforced a centralized style of governance. His administration was marked by nepotism and a kleptocratic approach, with public officials prioritizing personal gain over national well-being. As a result, political instability persisted throughout his rule.

Julius Nyerere, on the other hand, advocated for a more participatory political model. Attaining independence in 1961, he encouraged democracy through a single-party system, presenting it as a path to national unity. Despite facing challenges, Nyerere remained committed to the ideals of social justice and equality, reflected in the Arusha Declaration. However, his leadership faced criticism for its democratic limitations, resulting in political stability.

In summary, while both Mobutu Sese Seko and Julius Nyerere confronted formidable economic and political challenges in their respective countries post-independence, their approaches differed significantly. Mobutu's mismanagement and authoritarian rule contrasted with Nyerere's emphasis on social justice and national unity. Analyzing these strategies provides insight into their legacy and the lasting implications for both nations.