The collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989 served as a major catalyst (spark) for the political transformation that occurred in South Africa - NSC History - Question 6 - 2016 - Paper 2

With the disintegration, Gorbachev's policies of Glasnost and Perestroika influenced the political dynamics not only in the USSR but also in the countries linked to it, including South Africa. The weakening of communist regimes in Eastern Europe reduced the support structures for the ANC and similar movements.

Internationally, the fall of the Berlin Wall and the dissolution of the USSR diminished the communist threat, leading to a reevaluation of foreign policies towards apartheid. This pressure was instrumental in initiating dialogue for reform.

The National Party realized the necessity of addressing internal pressures and international isolation. They sought a way to manage South Africa's challenges more democratically, recognizing that continued repression was unsustainable.

Events such as the Battle of Cuito Cuavale and the rise of civil unrest highlighted the unsustainable nature of apartheid, leading to negotiations. The security forces' inability to curb unrest further stressed the need for change.

The appointment of FW de Klerk, who aimed to dismantle apartheid, showed the impact of international and domestic pressures. His discussions with liberation organizations marked a significant turn in South Africa's path toward political transformation.

In conclusion, the collapse of the Soviet Union was instrumental in catalyzing political change in South Africa. The interplay of internal strife, global shifts, and strategic shifts by the ruling party led to the end of apartheid, demonstrating the pivotal role the events of 1989 played in transforming South Africa's political landscape.