2.1 The diagram below shows part of the human brain - NSC Life Sciences - Question 2 - 2022 - Paper 1
Question 2
2.1 The diagram below shows part of the human brain.
Identify part A.
State TWO functions of part D.
Name the hormone secreted by gland C that has an effect on:
(... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:2.1 The diagram below shows part of the human brain - NSC Life Sciences - Question 2 - 2022 - Paper 1
Step 1
Identify part A.
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Answer
The answer is the Cerebellum, which is crucial for coordination and balance.
Step 2
State TWO functions of part D.
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It is involved in higher thought processes, including intelligence and reasoning.
It controls all voluntary actions.
Step 3
Name the hormone secreted by gland C that has an effect on:
(a) Long bones
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Growth hormone (GH) is secreted, promoting growth and development of long bones.
Step 4
(b) Mammary glands in the breasts.
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Prolactin is the hormone that stimulates milk production in the mammary glands.
Step 5
State ONE way in which the brain is protected.
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The brain is protected by the meninges, which are three layers of protective tissue.
Step 6
Describe the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation.
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The hypothalamus regulates body temperature by acting as a thermostat. It detects changes in body temperature and triggers responses to either conserve or release heat, such as sweating or shivering.
Step 7
Name the TWO effectors that part B sends impulses to.
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Part B sends impulses to the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, regulating breathing.
Step 8
Identify part A.
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Part A is the Vas deferens.
Step 9
State ONE function of part B.
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Part B functions as a site for sperm storage and maturation.
Step 10
Explain the composition of the semen after a vasectomy.
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Answer
After a vasectomy, the semen will not contain sperm as they are not transported. However, it will still include secretions from the accessory glands.
Step 11
Explain how this condition may affect male fertility.
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This condition can lead to infertility as the testicles may be too warm inside the body, resulting in no abnormal sperm production.
Step 12
Describe the process of spermatogenesis.
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Spermatogenesis involves the transformation of diploid cells in the seminiferous tubules into haploid sperm cells through meiosis.
Step 13
How the developing embryo is protected and nourished in ovoviviparous organisms.
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In ovoviviparous organisms, the embryo is protected by the amniotic egg, which is retained in the mother's body, preventing dehydration and providing nutrients.
Step 14
Calculate the difference between the average volume of urine (m/h) produced during the two time periods. Show ALL workings.
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Answer
The average volume of urine produced is calculated as follows:
Volume at 15:00: 71.53 mL
Volume at 03:00: 34.72 mL
Difference: 71.53 - 34.72 = 36.81 mL/h
Step 15
Explain how the ADH levels in the blood at 03:00 affects the volume of urine produced between 20:00 and 08:00.
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At 03:00, high ADH levels increase the permeability of the renal tubules, leading to more water re-absorption and therefore, less urine production during the night.
Step 16
Explain ONE advantage of the high ADH levels at 03:00.
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High ADH levels at 03:00 allow the body to retain more water, ensuring hydration during sleep and reducing the need for frequent urination.
Step 17
Explain why the ADH levels are expected to remain high all the time.
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In patients with renal tubule impairment, the body cannot reabsorb water effectively. This leads to consistently high ADH levels as the body attempts to compensate.
Step 18
Name TWO alkaloids that are found in plants.
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Caffeine
Nicotine
Step 19
Explain TWO ways in which caffeine production acts as a defense mechanism for the plants.
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Caffeine acts as a natural pesticide, deterring herbivores from feeding on them.
It inhibits seed germination of nearby plants, reducing competition.
Step 20
Name ONE other plant defense mechanism.
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One other mechanism is thorns, which physically deter herbivores from consuming the plant.
