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a) Outline the function of RNA - HSC - SSCE Biology - Question 32 - 2013 - Paper 1
Question 32
a) Outline the function of RNA. b) Using a named example, outline how greater knowledge of science has led to a change in traditional methods of fermentation. c) (... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:a) Outline the function of RNA - HSC - SSCE Biology - Question 32 - 2013 - Paper 1
Step 1
Outline the function of RNA.
Answer
RNA (ribonucleic acid) plays a crucial role in the synthesis of proteins. It acts as a messenger that carries instructions from DNA to the ribosome, where proteins are made. Additionally, there are different forms of RNA:
- mRNA (messenger RNA): Transcribes the genetic code from DNA and carries it to ribosomes.
- tRNA (transfer RNA): Delivers amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis.
- rRNA (ribosomal RNA): Structural and functional component of ribosomes, facilitating the assembly of amino acids into proteins.
Step 2
Using a named example, outline how greater knowledge of science has led to a change in traditional methods of fermentation.
Answer
An example of this would be the production of wine using controlled fermentation processes. Historically, fermentation relied heavily on natural yeast and uncontrolled conditions. With advancements in microbiology, producers can now utilize specific yeast strains to enhance flavor and aroma. The development of techniques such as temperature control and sterile processing has significantly reduced spoilage and improved product consistency, leading to higher quality wines.
Step 3
Outline the steps in the extraction process of DNA from a named source.
Answer
To extract DNA from strawberries:
- Blend strawberries with a solution of detergent and salt to break down the cell membranes.
- Filter the mixture through a cloth to remove solid materials.
- Add alcohol (like ethanol) to precipitate the DNA.
- DNA will clump together and can be collected using a toothpick or stick.
Step 4
How could the final product be identified as DNA?
Answer
The final product can be identified as DNA using techniques such as spectrophotometry, which measures the absorbance of the solution at specific wavelengths known to correspond to nucleic acids. A distinct peak at 260 nm indicates the presence of DNA.
Step 5
Describe how a specific gene from extracted DNA could be amplified.
Answer
A specific gene can be amplified using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) technique. This involves:
- Selecting primer strands that flank the target gene.
- Mixing the primers with the extracted DNA.
- Applying cycles of heating and cooling to denature the DNA and allow the primers to anneal.
- Using DNA polymerase to replicate the target gene during the synthesis phase of PCR.
Step 6
Analyse the contribution that ONE of the following applications has made to medicine.
Answer
I will focus on tissue engineering. This application has revolutionized medicine by enabling the growth of artificial organs and tissues for transplantation. It allows for repairs and replacements in damaged tissues, reducing the need for organ donors and the risks of rejection since tissues can potentially be created from the patient's own cells. Furthermore, it holds the promise for treating degenerative diseases through regenerative medicine.
Step 7
Outline how the collection of seeds could be seen as an early example of biotechnology.
Answer
The collection of seeds represents one of the earliest forms of biotechnology because it involved the selection of specific traits from plants. By choosing seeds from superior plants for planting, early civilizations effectively began manipulating genetic material to enhance crop quality and yield, laying the groundwork for agricultural practices and genetic selection.
Step 8
Using your knowledge of the domestication of one plant or animal species, evaluate relevant ethical issues raised by the use of current biotechnology.
Answer
Domestication of the maize plant raises several ethical issues related to current biotechnology. The use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to enhance crop yield and resistance to pests can lead to biodiversity loss by displacing traditional varieties. Additionally, concerns about the impact on health and the environment, the control of seed patents by large corporations, and the socioeconomic consequences for farmers reliant on traditional planting methods pose significant ethical dilemmas. Balancing technological advancement with environmental conservation and social equity remains a crucial challenge.