(a) (i) Name the process for the synthesis of a polypeptide chain from a messenger–RNA base sequence - HSC - SSCE Biology - Question 32 - 2014 - Paper 1

1. Synthesis of Polypeptide Chain: The ribosome translates the mRNA into a polypeptide chain by linking amino acids in a specific order.

2. Folding: The linear polypeptide folds into a three-dimensional structure, which is crucial for its function. This folding may occur spontaneously or with the help of chaperone proteins.

3. Modification: Post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or glycosylation, occur to further change the structure of the enzyme and activate it.

4. Assembly: If necessary, multiple polypeptide chains may join together to form a functional enzyme.

1. Denaturation: Heat the reaction to 95°C to separate the DNA strands.

2. Annealing: Cool the mixture to allow primers to bind to the single-stranded DNA.

3. Extension: Add DNA polymerase and nucleotides; the polymerase synthesizes new DNA strands by extending from the primers.

4. Repeat: The cycle is repeated multiple times to amplify the target DNA region.

A similarity between traditional biotechnology and biotransformational biotechnology is that both utilize biological processes to produce goods, such as food or medicine.

A difference is that traditional biotechnology often involves direct manipulation of living organisms, while biotransformational biotechnology focuses on using microorganisms to transform materials into valuable products, often by utilizing chemical reactions.