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Hepatitis B is a life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 7 - 2021 - Paper 1
Question 7
Hepatitis B is a life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Figure 7 shows the structure of HBV. HBV infects a liver cell. The liver c... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Hepatitis B is a life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 7 - 2021 - Paper 1
Step 1
Calculate how many times larger in diameter this cell is than HBV.
Answer
To determine how many times larger the diameter of the liver cell is compared to HBV, we first find the diameter of HBV based on Figure 7, which shows the lipid layer to be approximately 40 nm or 0.04 μm.
Next, we divide the diameter of the liver cell by the diameter of HBV:
Thus, the liver cell is 625 times larger in diameter than HBV.
Step 2
Suggest why this increases uptake of RNAi molecules into cells.
Answer
The combination of RNAi molecules with a lipid facilitates their incorporation into the cell membrane, which is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. This lipophilic property allows for easier fusion with the cell membrane, enhancing the uptake of RNAi molecules into the cell. Additionally, this method may help to bypass any barriers that would restrict the entry of RNAi, thus increasing the efficiency of delivery.
Step 3
Evaluate the use of the two types of RNAi in treating hepatitis B in humans.
Answer
Both types of RNAi have shown effectiveness in treating hepatitis B, although their mechanisms and outcomes may differ significantly.
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Effectiveness Comparison: Research indicates that both types of RNAi can significantly reduce HBV levels in infected cells, but patients may respond differently based on various factors such as individual health and the stage of infection.
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Side Effects: It is essential to consider potential side effects. For instance, while one type might lead to reduced HBV without severe complications, the other could result in significant adverse effects, making it less desirable for widespread use.
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Efficacy: Clinical trials should be reviewed to establish whether the reductions in HBV are statistically significant when using RNAi treatments compared to control groups. It is vital to ensure that the observed differences in efficacy are not due to chance.
In conclusion, while both types of RNAi offer promising avenues for treatment, careful evaluation of their relative effectiveness and side effects is crucial for their successful application in clinical settings.