1. What is meant by a genome? 2 - AQA - A-Level Biology - Question 8 - 2018 - Paper 1

The antibody binds to the transcription factor because they have a specific tertiary structure that allows for complementary binding. This specific shape enables the antibody to recognize and attach to the transcription factor, thus allowing for biological interactions.

Precipitated DNA consists of DNA that has been isolated from solution, often through the use of alcohol or salts. This process causes the DNA to aggregate and form visible clumps, making it easier to collect and analyze.

Single-stranded cDNA could prevent transcription of the P34 gene by binding to the corresponding mRNA that is normally transcribed from the P34 gene. This binding would then inhibit the interaction between the mRNA and the ribosome, thus preventing translation into the P34 protein.

1. Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are used to cut the plasmid at specific sites, allowing for the insertion of the DNA fragments.

2. Ligase is then used to join the DNA fragment with the plasmid, forming a stable recombinant DNA molecule.

1. Mass or size of amino acids or polypeptides affects how fast the proteins move through the gel.

2. Charge of the proteins, which influences their movement in an electric field; differences in charge lead to varying migration rates.