Scientists completed the Human Genome Project in 2003 - Edexcel - GCSE Biology - Question 5 - 2017 - Paper 1

The increase in the number of DNA base pairs sequenced each year can be attributed to advancements in DNA sequencing technology. As methods improved, the efficiency and speed of sequencing processes allowed researchers to analyze larger amounts of genetic material in shorter periods. Additionally, increased funding and collaboration among scientists likely contributed to these enhancements.

1. Identification of genetic disorders: The Human Genome Project has enabled scientists to locate and understand genes associated with specific genetic conditions, facilitating earlier diagnosis and targeted treatments.

2. Development of personalized medicine: By understanding the genetic basis of diseases, treatments can be tailored to individuals, improving efficacy and minimizing adverse effects.

Transcription is the process by which the information in a gene is transferred to messenger RNA (mRNA). It begins when RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene, unwinding the DNA double helix. The enzyme then synthesizes a single strand of mRNA, using the DNA template strand. Introns are removed, and exons are spliced together to form a mature mRNA molecule. This mRNA then exits the nucleus through nuclear pores and enters the cytoplasm, where it will direct protein synthesis.

A gene mutation can lead to a change in the amino acid sequence of the enzyme, potentially altering its active site. If the mutation results in an incorrect amino acid being incorporated, it could affect the enzyme's shape and stability, reducing its ability to bind substrates effectively. This alteration may also impact the enzyme's overall conformation, resulting in decreased catalytic activity and slower reaction rates.