Memory

Memory: Encoding, Storage, & Retrieve Info

Introduction

Memory is a complex cognitive process that allows us to encode, store, and retrieve information from our past experiences, knowledge, and thoughts. It plays a fundamental role in our daily lives, enabling us to learn, adapt, and function effectively. In this section, we will explore the stages of memory, from the initial encoding of information to its storage in short-term and long-term memory, and finally, its retrieval.

Encoding

• Definition: Encoding is the first stage of memory, where sensory information from the external world is transformed into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain.
• Examples:
  • When you read a book, the visual information from the words on the page is encoded into neural signals that your brain can interpret and understand.
  • Hearing a familiar song on the radio involves encoding the auditory information into a memory of that particular melody.

Storage

• Definition: Storage is the process of retaining encoded information over time. It involves maintaining and organising information in memory for future use.
• Examples:
  • Remembering your friend's phone number involves storing the numeric sequence in your memory so that you can recall it when needed.
  • Learning historical facts in school means storing the information about past events for future retrieval.

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Memory

Sensory Memory

• Definition: Sensory memory briefly retains sensory input from the environment for a very short period (typically less than a second) before it is either transferred to short-term memory or forgotten.
• Examples:
  • The brief visual impression that remains after looking at a bright light
  • The echo of a sound that lingers momentarily after it has stopped

Short-Term Memory (STM)

• Definition: Short-term memory is a temporary storage system that holds a limited amount of information for a short period (typically up to 30 seconds) unless actively rehearsed.
• Examples:
  • Trying to remember a seven-digit phone number for a short time before dialing it.
  • Following directions to a nearby location by temporarily storing the route information in your STM.

Long-Term Memory (LTM)

• Definition: Long-term memory is a relatively permanent storage system capable of holding vast amounts of information for an extended period, ranging from days to a lifetime.
• Examples:
  • Remembering significant life events, such as your graduation ceremony or a family vacation, for years.
  • Acquiring and retaining knowledge over time, such as learning a new language or mastering a musical instrument.

Retrieval

• Definition: Retrieval is the process of recalling and accessing stored information from memory when needed.
• Examples:
  • Recalling your childhood friend's name when you see a photograph of them.
  • Retrieving historical facts from your long-term memory for an exam.

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Memory

Summary

Memory is a multifaceted cognitive process that involves encoding sensory information, storing it in short-term and long-term memory systems, and retrieving it when needed. Sensory memory briefly retains sensory input, while short-term memory holds information temporarily, and long-term memory stores it for the long haul. This dynamic interplay of encoding, storage, and retrieval allows us to access a wealth of experiences, knowledge, and thoughts, making memory an integral part of our everyday lives.