Compare sandy soils and clay soils under the following headings: (i) Size of particles (ii) Drainage (iii) Mineral content (iv) Organic matter - Leaving Cert Agricultural Science - Question 12 - 2006

Sandy soils offer excellent drainage due to their larger particle size and loose structure, which allows water to flow through quickly. Conversely, clay soils are less well-drained, holding water due to their fine particles which can lead to waterlogged conditions during heavy rain.

Sandy soils typically have low mineral content and are often nutrient-poor. They may require regular fertilization to support plant growth. Clay soils, on the other hand, have a higher mineral content and can retain nutrients better, making them more fertile.

Sandy soils generally have lower organic matter content, which can affect their fertility and structure. In contrast, clay soils tend to have higher levels of organic matter, resulting in improved nutrient retention and soil structure.

1. Composting: Adding organic matter such as compost increases soil aeration, improves water retention, and enhances nutrient content.

2. Tilling: Incorporating tilling practices helps break up compact layers and enhances soil structure by mixing organic materials into the soil.

3. Cover cropping: Planting cover crops stabilizes soil, adds organic matter, and prevents erosion, promoting better structure over time.

Soil texture significantly affects water retention, nutrient availability, and aeration, all of which are crucial for crop growth. Fine-textured soils retain moisture but can hinder root development, while coarse-textured soils allow for better drainage but may require more frequent irrigation. The balance between these properties ultimately influences plant health and yields.

1. Nutrient supply: Slurry provides essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, enriching the soil and promoting plant growth.

2. Improved soil structure: The organic matter in slurry helps improve soil structure, enhancing aeration and water retention capabilities.

1. Ammonium Nitrate: Supplies nitrogen (N).

2. Superphosphate: Supplies phosphorus (P).