Complete the following equation, which is a summary of photosynthesis - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 11 - 2005

Chlorophyll is found in the chloroplasts of the leaf cells. These organelles are primarily located in the mesophyll tissue, which is responsible for most photosynthetic activity.

The three products produced when water is split are:

1. Hydrogen ions (H+)
2. Electrons (e-)
3. Oxygen (O2)

1. Hydrogen ions are utilized in the formation of ATP and NADPH during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.
2. The electrons replace the electrons lost by chlorophyll when it absorbs light energy. This initiates the electron transport chain.
3. The oxygen is released as a by-product into the atmosphere.

Carbon dioxide enters the leaf through small openings called stomata, located primarily on the underside of the leaf.

To increase the yield of plants like lettuces in a greenhouse, one could increase the duration and intensity of artificial lighting. This enhances photosynthesis by providing more energy for the plants.

Respiration is the biochemical process in which cells convert organic compounds (primarily glucose) into energy, releasing waste products such as carbon dioxide and water.

Living organisms need to respire to produce energy in the form of ATP, which powers essential metabolic activities necessary for survival.

Aerobic respiration is the process of producing cellular energy in the presence of oxygen. It involves the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water, yielding a high amount of ATP.

Aerobic respiration releases more energy compared to anaerobic respiration. Aerobic processes yield approximately 36-38 ATP molecules per glucose molecule, whereas anaerobic processes yield only 2 ATP molecules.

An example of industrial fermentation is the production of beer by yeast. The micro-organism involved is Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide during fermentation.