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Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018

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Question 15(b)

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Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following. (i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃). (ii) Active immunity result... show full transcript

Worked Solution & Example Answer:Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018

Step 1

(i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃).

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Answer

Bile contains bile salts that play a crucial role in digestion. They help emulsify fats, making them easier to digest and absorb. Additionally, bile salts can neutralize stomach acid, creating an optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes to function in the small intestine, particularly in the duodenum.

Step 2

(ii) Active immunity results in long-lasting immunity.

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Answer

Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the body's own lymphocytes in response to an antigen. This process not only provides immediate protection but also results in the formation of memory cells, which enable the immune system to respond more effectively upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen, thereby ensuring long-lasting immunity.

Step 3

(iii) Humans sweat during exercise.

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During exercise, the body's temperature increases due to metabolic activities. To regulate temperature, humans sweat. The sweat, composed of water, evaporates from the skin's surface, taking heat away from the body and helping to cool it down.

Step 4

(iv) Antibiotics should not be prescribed to directly treat influenza.

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Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, including the influenza virus. Influenza is caused by a virus, and prescribing antibiotics may not only be ineffective but can also contribute to antibiotic resistance, as they do not kill the virus responsible for the infection.

Step 5

(v) High sugar or high salt concentrations are used in the preservation of food.

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High concentrations of sugar or salt are used in food preservation as they create a hypertonic environment. This causes bacteria or fungi to lose water through osmosis, inhibiting their growth and preventing food spoilage. Additionally, the high concentration can lead to the death of these microorganisms, thereby extending the shelf life of the food.

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