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Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018
Question 15(b)
Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following. (i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃). (ii) Active immunity result... show full transcript
Worked Solution & Example Answer:Give a detailed biological explanation for each of the following - Leaving Cert Biology - Question 15(b) - 2018
Step 1
(i) Bile contains bile salts e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO₃).
Answer
Bile contains bile salts that play a crucial role in digestion. They help emulsify fats, making them easier to digest and absorb. Additionally, bile salts can neutralize stomach acid, creating an optimal pH for pancreatic enzymes to function in the small intestine, particularly in the duodenum.
Step 2
(ii) Active immunity results in long-lasting immunity.
Answer
Active immunity involves the production of antibodies by the body's own lymphocytes in response to an antigen. This process not only provides immediate protection but also results in the formation of memory cells, which enable the immune system to respond more effectively upon subsequent exposures to the same pathogen, thereby ensuring long-lasting immunity.
Step 3
Step 4
(iv) Antibiotics should not be prescribed to directly treat influenza.
Answer
Antibiotics are ineffective against viruses, including the influenza virus. Influenza is caused by a virus, and prescribing antibiotics may not only be ineffective but can also contribute to antibiotic resistance, as they do not kill the virus responsible for the infection.
Step 5
(v) High sugar or high salt concentrations are used in the preservation of food.
Answer
High concentrations of sugar or salt are used in food preservation as they create a hypertonic environment. This causes bacteria or fungi to lose water through osmosis, inhibiting their growth and preventing food spoilage. Additionally, the high concentration can lead to the death of these microorganisms, thereby extending the shelf life of the food.